Harvard bible professor converts to islam mp3 download

Islam has experienced a similar rapid growth. Yet consider that in most Africans in sub-Saharan Africa practiced a form of indigenous African religions. The bottom line then is that Africans who still wholly practice African indigenous religions are only about 10 percent of the African population, a fraction of what it used to be only a century ago, when indigenous religions dominated most of the continent. I should add that without claiming to be full members of indigenous traditions, there are many professed Christians and Muslims who participate in one form of indigenous religious rituals and practices or another.

That testifies to the enduring power of indigenous religion and its ability to domesticate Christianity and Islam in modern Africa. The success of Christianity and Islam on the African continent in the last years has been extraordinary, but it has been, unfortunately, at the expense of African indigenous religions. One of the things these diaspora African religions testify to is the beauty of African religions to engage a devotee on many spiritual levels.

A follower of African diaspora religions has many choices in terms of seeking spiritual help or succor. For example, followers can seek spiritual direction and relief from healers, medicine men and women, charms [adornments often worn to incur good luck], amulets [adornments often used to ward off evil], and diviners [spiritual advisers].

I should also state that there are signs of the revival of African indigenous practices in many parts of Africa. Modernity has not put a total stop to its influence. Ritual sacrifices and witchcraft beliefs are still common. Moreover, the religions developed in the Americas impact Africa in that devotees of the African diaspora have significant influence on practices in Africa. Some African diasporans are returning to the continent to reconnect with their ancestral traditions, and they are encouraging and organizing the local African communities to reclaim this heritage.

African spirituality has always been able to adapt to change and allow itself to absorb the wisdom and views of other religions, much more than, for example, Christianity and Islam.

While Islam and Christianity tend to be overtly resistant to adopting traditional African religious ideas or practices, indigenous African religions have always accommodated other beliefs. For example, an African amulet might have inside of it a written verse from either the Koran or Christian Bible. The idea is that the traditional African practitioner who constructed that amulet believes in the efficacy of other faiths and religions; there is no conflict in his mind between his traditional African spirituality and another faith.

They are not mutually exclusive. Indigenous African religions are pragmatic. Indigenous African religion is primarily an oral tradition and has never been fully codified; thus, it allows itself to more easily be amended and influenced by other religious ideas, religious wisdom, and by modern development.

Holding or maintaining to a uniform doctrine is not the essence of indigenous African religions. OLUPONA: We would lose a worldview that has collectively sustained, enriched, and given meaning to a continent and numerous other societies for centuries through its epistemology, metaphysics, history, and practices. For instance, if we were to lose indigenous African religions in Africa, then diviners would disappear, and if diviners disappeared, we would not only lose an important spiritual specialist for many Africans, but also an institution that for centuries has been the repository of African history, wisdom, and knowledge.

Diviners — who go through a long educational and apprenticeship program — hold the history, culture, and spiritual traditions of the African people. The Yoruba diviners, for example, draw on this extensive indigenous knowledge every day by consulting Ifa, an extensive literary corpus of information covering science, medicine, cosmology, and metaphysics.

It is the oldest and largest black Pentecostal body in the United States. The Pilgrim Holiness Church was originally a Methodist prayer league that grew into a denomination by the early 20th century.

Dzemijetal Hajrije, America's oldest existing Muslim organization, was formed in by Bosnian immigrants who came to Chicago to help dig subway tunnels. On Jan. The Azusa Street Revival was a defining event for early Pentecostalism and functioned as the catalyst to the growth of American Pentecostalism.

The Northern Baptist Convention formed in and represents the theologically liberal and politically progressive strains of the Baptist tradition. In , the Methodist Episcopal Church developed an official creed to address social problems of poverty and child labor exploitation.

Fulfilling the wishes of his Sufi teacher, Hazrat Inayat Khan sailed to America in to spread the message of this mystical arm of Islam. The first gurdwara, a Sikh gathering place, was built in in Stockton, C. World War I began in Europe, but grew into an unprecedented global conflict with 65 million troops. It was called the Great War. The Assemblies of God started with a handful of Pentecostal ministers in Hot Springs, Arkansas in April , but would grow into a global phenomenon.

Xavier University of Louisiana est. The National Catholic War Council in allowed the Catholic hierarchy to display its patriotism and to unite on a national level. In , Alma Bridwell White was consecrated bishop of a Holiness sect she founded, becoming the first woman bishop of a Christian church. The 18th amendment made the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcohol illegal in the United States for 13 years In , Harry Emerson Fosdick's sermon accused fundamentalists of being "essentially illiberal and intolerant.

The Baptist Bible Union was a fundamentalist association of churches which had separated from the Northern Baptist Convention in Shailer Mathews's The Faith of Modernism was an influential systematic theology of theological liberalism. In , the Southern Baptist Convention's Cooperative Program centralized budgetary authority and aided the growth of the denomination.

The Scopes Trial highlighted the tension between literal interpretations of creation accounts in the Bible and evolutionary theory in the 20th century. Alfred E. The Great Depression brought the biggest economic upheaval in U. In , Syrian-Lebanese immigrants constructed the first purpose-built mosque in America in Ross, N. On July 4, , W. Fard founded the Nation of Islam, one of the most radical and militant religious movements of the 20th century. In , Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin founded the Catholic Worker Movement, a group of Catholic communities promoting social justice and hospitality toward the poor.

The "Mother Mosque of America," established by immigrants in in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, is the oldest purpose-built mosque still in use. With the rise of Adolf Hitler, Germany began annexing neighboring countries, leading to the second World War and the deadliest conflict in world history.

The Methodist Episcopal Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church, South reunited in , nearly a century after the issue of slavery divided them. The National Association of Evangelicals was founded in to provide representation for evangelicals in Washington, D. Paramahansa Yogananda's Autobiography of a Yogi , published in , continues to be used by followers of his Self-Realization Fellowship and as college textbooks.

In , John R. Mott was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for promoting religious peace through his ecumenical efforts. In , the Evangelical Methodist Church formed in response to fears of liberalism within the Methodist Church. The antagonistic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, known as the Cold War , lasted for nearly half a century.

Billy Graham's Los Angeles Crusade catapulted the southern evangelist into the national spotlight for the first time. The Bible Baptist Fellowship formed after a split with J. Frank Norris in and became the largest association of independent Baptists in America.

In , Billy Graham's decision to hold an integrated crusade in the South helped shift racial attitudes among white evangelicals. In , L. Ron Hubbard began the Church of Scientology with teachings on how to reach a blissful "state of clear. It claimed more than 58, U.

In , the Methodist Church finally permitted the full ordination of women after years of resistance. Margaret Towner's ordination in was the culmination of a long struggle for gender equality in the Presbyterian Church USA.

Founded in , the Southern Christian Leadership Conference SCLC believed that racial equality was a Christian imperative and utilized non-violent protests to combat racism.

In , Billy Graham's New York Crusade became his largest American revival campaign with more than two million attendees. John F. In , Pat Robertson founded the Christian Broadcast Network, which became a multi-million dollar outlet for Christian television. The social justice movements of the s were infectious, giving rise to women, racial minorities, and LGBT groups seeking equal rights in the United States.

The Second Vatican Council was a Catholic ecumenical council that attempted to reconcile Catholicism with the challenges of modernity. When Southern Baptist seminary professor Ralph Elliott challenged the historicity of Genesis, conservatives forced him to resign , foreshadowing the conservative resurgence in the SBC.

In , the Supreme Court ruled that required Bible readings and recitation of the Lord's Prayer in the public schools was unconstitutional. This case introduced the "Sherbert test"; the government must show that burdening the individual's practice of religion is based on a compelling state interest.

Four young African-American girls were killed, sparking national outrage. In , after years of fundraising, Lebanese Muslims in the Detroit area opened the Islamic Center of America, one of the oldest Shi'a mosques in America.

After winning his first heavyweight championship in , boxer Cassius Clay announced he had converted to Islam and changed his name to Muhammad Ali. The Immigration and Nationality Act of i. The Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration of revoked the mutual excommunications of that led to the Great Schism.

The Catholic Charismatic Renewal is a movement influenced by both Catholicism and Pentecostalism and whose American roots can be traced to Duquesne University in The Confession added calls for racial and social reconciliation, but conservatives in the United Presbyterian Church U.

Pope Paul VI's encyclical Humanae Vitae reaffirmed the Catholic Church's ban on artificial birth control and serves as a continuing source of controversy. In , this Supreme Court case prohibited the government from interfering in doctrinal disputes between churches. Sojourners magazine, founded in , promoted a greater prominence of liberal Christian views on social issues within the evangelical community.

This ruling established an influential precedent the "Lemon test" for whether a law violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. Jerry Falwell founded the small Lynchburg Baptist College in , which would grow into the largest private, nonprofit university in America by the s. On June 3, , Sally Priesand became the first female rabbi ordained in America -- and the first woman in Judaism to earn seminary ordination.

In , conservative Presbyterians dissatisfied with the liberal tendencies of the Presbyterian Church in the U. Vietnamese Buddhism spread across America as thousands of refugees arrived after the Vietnam War ended in In , Jimmy Carter was the first self-proclaimed "born again" Christian elected president of the United States. The s, and early s, saw an explosion of Hindu temples in America, courtesy of a new law allowing for more immigrants from India. The American Indian Religious Freedom Act, passed in , acknowledged the importance of Native American religious traditions and pledged to protect their rights.

In , the Church of Latter-day Saints opened the priesthood to male members of African descent for the first time. In , Baptist conservatives elected Adrian Rogers as president of the Southern Baptist Convention as the first part of a takeover strategy. With the help of Baptist preacher Jerry Falwell in , the founding of the Moral Majority would later influence Ronald Reagan's election in Marjorie Matthews was elected bishop in the United Methodist church in She was the first female elected bishop of any mainline Christian church.

In , the Evangelical Presbyterian Church became the third major conservative denomination to split off from the Presbyterian Church U. The Islamic Society of North America was created in as an umbrella group to support and unite the burgeoning Muslim population in America.

In , the United Presbyterian Church in the U. In , the Catholic bishops of the United States published the "Challenge of Peace," which denounced the arms race during the Cold War.

This case interpreted the Establishment Clause as an accommodation between church and state, not an absolute separation of the two. The United States Catholic bishops wrote the pastoral letter entitled "Economic Justice for All" to promote the economic well-being for all citizens. Liberals in the Southern Baptist Convention, frustrated by the conservative takeover of the denomination, formed a progressive association of churches in The Right Rev.

Barbara Harris present , an African-American Episcopalian, was consecrated the first female bishop in the Worldwide Anglican Communion in This case dealt with religious holiday symbols on government property and found that a combination of religious symbols does not violate the Establishment Clause.

This case determined that citizens could not be exempt from generally applicable and religiously neutral laws because those laws burdened their exercise of religion. Moderate Southern Baptists formed the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship in to protest the conservative dominance in the denomination during the prior decade. In , Eugene Peterson began publishing sections of The Message Bible , which translated the Christian Bible into modern everyday language.

The Religious Freedom Restoration Act of allowed the "compelling state interest" test to apply to federal level, not just the state level. Despite passage of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act in , legal judgments continued to challenge the use of peyote in religious services until Starting in , the Left Behind series of novels about the Rapture would become the best-selling works of American Christian fiction.

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had overstepped its constitutional powers in enacting the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of More than 3, people died. The Catholic Church has recently been the subject of a widespread scandal involving Catholic officials accused of sexual abuse and cover-ups.

On Nov. House of Representatives for Minnesota's fifth district. In and , the United Methodist Church denied changes in the Book of Discipline, which would have permitted a more liberal stance on homosexuality. On July 8, , the Presbyterian Church U. Many conservative members left the denomination thereafter. Mitt Romney became the first Mormon nominee for president when he ran as a Republican in against Barack Obama. Teaching Tools. Research Hub. Press Room. Congregational Resource Center.

Syntax Repository Download syntax files and recreate popular religious classification schemes in survey data. If a page number is unavailable, use chapter number. URL links are not necessary, but can be useful. When including a URL, include the date the book was downloaded at the end of the reference:. Shakoor, S. Drogen, E. Raiford, T. Make sure to include the accessed date at the end of the reference. Butterfield, L. When referencing blog posts, the year of publication is placed in parentheses directly after the author of the posting.

The day and month of publication are placed in the reference after the title of the blog site. Make sure to include the accessed date at the end of the reference as well. Remember, the goal of a reference to make it simple for the reader of your work to seek out the source for themselves. Whilst scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles, books, conference papers, and research reports are considered high-quality source materials, it is not uncommon to come across social media posts featured and discussed in projects.

Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram provide easy access to information on a number of personally owned devices. In addition, they promote interaction among its participants, thus allowing for deliberation and debate. When creating a reference for a social media post, it is recommended to include the main URL of the social media platform, not the URL of the individual post.

This prevents readers from clicking on links that may lead to a blocked post behind a private account. Do not include the content of the individual post in the full reference. If the reader strives to see the contents of the post in its entirety, the information provided in both the text and on the final page of the project provide enough information for the reader to locate it on their own.

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